The strategic urban design process (SUDP) occurs at the method level based on establishing a pair of functions and their interconnection at the macro, middle, and micro levels. Few researchers have attempted to explain such processes including ‘cognizing’ and ‘making a way’ as two related concepts. Cognizing illustrates the current state of the city's super system hierarchically, and ‘making a way’ helps conceive part of the probable (possible) situation. The mechanism creates causal relationships between the steps. The current study is a review one and was conducted using an analytical method and logical reasoning strategy. The study used a systematic approach to identify a two-step function to determine this mechanism. The steps function, sub-functions, and their mutual relations were first developed and then explained based on the process theory and the logical reasoning research method. The relation is formed with the flow of the specific information (Cognizing Outputs). Explanation propositions clarified the relationships between these two steps. The results of the explanation were shown with statements, and the emphasis was on waste and its return to the process cycle as feedback

Background. The dynamic and uncertain nature of health care environment requires nurses to be competent decision makers and to respond to the clients needs. Recently, the public and the government have criticized Iranian nurses because of a low quality patient care. However, the nurses' views and experiences concerning the factors affecting their clinical practice and clinical decision making have rarely been investigated. Therefore, this research tried to study the viewpoints, perceptions and experiences of Iranian nurses concerning the factors affecting their clinical decision making. Methods. A qualitative research with Grounded theory methodology was used to study the participants' lived experiences and their viewpoints regarding the factors affecting their clinical practice and clinical decision making. Un-structured interviews and participant observation methods were used to gather the data. Thirty eight participants were interviewed and twelve sessions of observation by takingfield notes were carried out. Constant comparative analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results. Five main categories emerged from the data, indicating the participants' points of view. "Being competent" and "feeling self-confident" were the most important internal factors, and "organizational culture", "nursing education", and "supporting structures" were considered as the most important external factors affecting their clinical decision -making. Conclusion. As participants in this research implied, although being competent and self-confident were important factors in nurses' clinical decision making, organizational culture and structure were the core variables affecting other variables. Nurse managers and nurse educators are responsible for identifying barriers and enhancing factors within the organizational structure that facilitate nurses' clinical decision making.

Project portfolio management helps organizations to plan, evaluate, prioritize and select the projects as managerial new pattern. This pattern confirms achieving the organizational strategic objectives through integrated management while observing prerequisites between projects. This research has fond the main approach on selecting and prioritizing projects in alignment with general organizational strategy, with focus on some theories about strategies in project oriented organizations. It has selected the most prominent criteria insist on organizational strategic directions by directed interviews. Research finding indicates that in project selection process of the holding companies decision making isn’t parallel with organizational long term objectives and vision due to growing the size of project portfolio in long term horizon. These differences suggest the necessity of certain changes in present patterns and processes of selecting the project portfolio and guarantee to implement organizational strategies in this process successfully. This research has recreated the most prominent criteria of present models by method of problem solving, with assuming the evidences reflect the importance of strategic variable of project in line with organizational vision from the view point of decision makers.

Objective: One of the threats tha form in the context of political damage and threaten political systems are soft political threats. In the process of dealing with these threats, empowering the public policy system is one of the methods that can be effective. For this purpose, in this research, an effort has been made to provide a model of empowering the political system in Iran in order to make the political system immune and respond favorably to society's issues, people's demands and demands. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical, which was conducted qualitatively and with an exploratory approach. The data analysis strategy is based on the theory of data foundation. Findings: In the framework of data-based theory and considering the necessity of dealing with soft political threats, the strategy of empowering the policy-making system in Iran should be formulated in four categories, good implementation in the context of efficient structures, good implementation using expert human resources and followed up with motivation, and effective monitoring and evaluation of policies. Originality: Empowerment of the policy-making system will lead to the provision of high-quality government services, the establishment of the desired order in the society, the provision of welfare and security in the society, and ultimately the satisfaction of the people and the legitimacy of the political system and its continuation.

Public policy requires collective action and, consequently, depends on the path. This issue has been less considered in policy-making, and we need to pay attention to and analyze its negative effects in this field, But how does path dependence cause these kinds of adverse effects? Route dependence on locking and subjugation now in the past prevents policies from changing due to changing circumstances and the passage of time. The present article, by searching in various books and articles, examines the negative consequences and examples of path-related processes as an important and effective obstacle in policy-making and shows how and in what context this factor will have an effect; how and by what mechanism it intervenes in decision-making and non-decision-making. Also by giving examples of the negative effects of this factor in economic and political contexts over time; Its destructive effects have been mentioned. Since the dependence on the path in economics and transiently in management has been dealt with, so this has been the stimulus for the regulation of the forthcoming writing, to draw attention to the above factor in policy.